SRGAP2C is a human-specific protein that emerged during early Homo lineage evolution through gene duplication and acts as a critical modifier of cortical circuit architecture 1. As a truncated paralog of the ancestral SRGAP2A, SRGAP2C functions by heterodimerizing with SRGAP2A and promoting its proteasome-dependent degradation, thereby inhibiting SRGAP2A's role in suppressing synaptic density 23. This inhibition leads to increased density of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses and protracted synaptic maturation in cortical pyramidal neurons 31. Structurally, SRGAP2C's defective F-BAR extension domain renders it intrinsically unstable but enables effective heterodimerization with SRGAP2A 4. At the circuit level, SRGAP2C increases local and long-range cortico-cortical connectivity to layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons and enhances sensory-evoked neural responses 1. In transgenic models, SRGAP2C expression improves sensory discrimination learning and motor planning 15. Recent evidence indicates SRGAP2C regulates synaptic neoteny through CTNND2, linking human-specific genes to developmental disability pathways 6. Mutations in SRGAP2 orthologs associate with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 7, highlighting clinical relevance to neurodevelopmental disorders.