TAF1A encodes a component of the SL1/TIF-IB transcription factor complex essential for RNA polymerase I-dependent ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis 1. As part of the preinitiation complex, TAF1A facilitates the assembly and stabilization of transcriptional machinery at ribosomal DNA promoters, with its association rate likely determining preinitiation complex formation efficiency 2. TAF1A interacts directly with other Pol I factors like DCAF13 and TAF1D to regulate rDNA transcription and ribosome biogenesis 23. Clinically, biallelic TAF1A mutations cause autosomal recessive pediatric cardiomyopathy with multisystem involvement. Affected individuals present with restrictive or dilated cardiomyopathy, congenital leukoencephalopathy, and immunodeficiency, reflecting impaired ribosomal RNA synthesis and nucleolar dysfunction 45. These findings establish TAF1A as a ribosomopathy gene. Beyond cardiac disease, TAF1A is upregulated in multiple cancers—osteoporosis, cervical cancer, and lung adenocarcinoma—where enhanced Pol I transcription supports increased protein synthesis and malignant proliferation 673. Notably, the lncRNA LINC01116 scaffolds TAF1A to rDNA promoters to drive oncogenic Pol I hyperactivity in lung cancer, suggesting TAF1A as a potential therapeutic target in cancer management 3.