TAFA4 (TAFA chemokine-like family member 4) is a neuron-derived secreted protein with dual roles in nociception and immune regulation. As a ligand of formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1), TAFA4 chemoattracts macrophages, promotes their phagocytosis, and increases reactive oxygen species release 1. In pain processing, TAFA4 is expressed across species in distinct dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron populations 2 and reverses injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity through low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins (LRPs) by restoring normal spinal neuron ion currents 3. Beyond pain, TAFA4 demonstrates immunomodulatory functions: it suppresses mast cell activation in allergic rhinitis by downregulating FcεRI expression through a TAFA4-PTEN-PU.1 axis, with therapeutic potential for anti-allergy treatment 4. During viral infection, sensory neuron-derived TAFA4 promotes disease tolerance via an IL-10 pathway in infected DRGs, reducing inflammation without impairing pathogen clearance 5. These findings position TAFA4 as a druggable target bridging neuroimmune communication, with clinical applications spanning pain management and allergic/inflammatory conditions.