TLR2 is a pattern recognition receptor that cooperates with coreceptors (LY96, TLR1, or TLR6) to detect bacterial lipoproteins and microbial cell wall components, initiating innate immune responses 12. Upon ligand binding, TLR2 signals through MYD88 and TRAF6 to activate NF-κB, triggering cytokine secretion and inflammatory responses 34. The receptor recognizes diverse pathogenic molecules including M. tuberculosis lipoproteins and heat shock proteins, with ligand-specific clustering at the cell surface before trafficking to the Golgi apparatus 56. TLR2 activation occurs in response to Leptospira, contributing to vaccine-induced immunity 7. Disease associations include atopic dermatitis, where TLR2 polymorphisms (rs5743708, rs4696480) correlate with reduced disease risk 8, and bacterial meningitis, where TLR2 variants associate with protection against coexisting infections 9. Conversely, elevated TLR2 expression in gliomas promotes tumor progression through enhanced autophagy 10. TLR2 also regulates hair follicle regeneration by antagonizing BMP signaling in stem cells 11. These diverse functions establish TLR2 as a critical immune sensor with complex roles in infection, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis.