TXN2 (thioredoxin 2) is a mitochondrial redox protein essential for controlling mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, regulating apoptosis, and maintaining cell viability 1. The protein functions as an oxidoreductase, catalyzing reduction of protein disulfide bonds through reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol [UniProt]. TXN2 operates as a critical antioxidant enzyme that suppresses cellular ROS accumulation and supports oxidative phosphorylation function 12. Beyond antioxidant defense, TXN2 modulates amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease by selectively inhibiting BACE1 expression through ROS and NFκB signaling pathways 3. TXN2 also influences cell cycle progression and viral susceptibility; adenovirus replication depends partly on TXN2 expression, as TXN2 knockdown induces G1 cell cycle arrest 4. Clinically, TXN2 deficiency causes early-onset neurodegeneration characterized by cerebellar atrophy, epilepsy, and peripheral neuropathy, with antioxidant supplementation providing symptomatic relief 1. Genetic variants in TXN2 associate with spina bifida risk in Hispanic populations 5 and predict cetuximab efficacy in colorectal cancer 6. TXN2 expression changes in proliferative vitreoretinopathy correlate with steroid responsiveness 2, and TXN2 knockdown sensitizes retinoblastoma cells to HDAC inhibitors 7, suggesting therapeutic potential in cancer treatment.