TXNIP (thioredoxin-interacting protein) is a multifunctional regulator of cellular stress responses and inflammation with significant disease relevance. Mechanistically, TXNIP inhibits thioredoxin activity and bioavailability 1, functioning as a transcriptional repressor that induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest 2. Beyond redox regulation, TXNIP serves as a critical upstream regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Under oxidative stress, TXNIP relocates to mitochondria and activates NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis 34, a process implicated in multiple inflammatory diseases including acute lung injury and intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury 5. TXNIP also suppresses glucose transporter GLUT1 internalization by promoting its plasma membrane localization, thereby regulating cellular glycolysis 6. In vascular disease, TXNIP suppresses bone morphogenetic protein signaling to prevent osteochondrogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby protecting against atherosclerotic calcification 7. Clinically, TXNIP dysregulation contributes to diabetic complications, kidney disease, and cancer progression. TXNIP acts as a tumor suppressor in non-small cell lung cancer 8 and its modulation represents a therapeutic target for inflammatory and metabolic diseases 9.