ATXN2L (ataxin-2-like) is an RNA-binding protein with critical roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation and stress granule biology. Structurally, ATXN2L contains Lsm, LsmAD, and PAM2 domains 1 and functions primarily as a perinuclear regulator of mRNA metabolism 2. Its primary mechanism involves liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to form RNA granules that recruit translation initiation factors and regulate mRNA translation 3. ATXN2L interacts with multiple RNA-binding proteins including NUFIP2, PABPN1, and HNRNPK, and is essential for embryonic survival 2. In immune regulation, ATXN2L dampens cytokine production in T cells through binding to 3' UTRs of IFNG, TNF, and IL2 4, while promoting translation of nonpolyadenylated reovirus mRNA 5. ATXN2L participates in alternative splicing regulation via its Sm domains 1. Disease relevance includes upregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric cancer, where it promotes invasiveness and chemoresistance through EGF/PI3K/Akt signaling 63. In youth-onset type 2 diabetes, rare ATXN2L variants show exome-wide significance 7. ATXN2L may also be sequestered in ATXN2 aggregates in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2, contributing to neurodegeneration 2. ATXN2L modulates fibrinogen production through post-transcriptional mechanisms under inflammatory conditions 8.