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10 sources retrieved · Most recent: April 2026 · Index updated 14 days ago
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CCK
cholecystokinin
Chromosome 3 · 3p22.1
NCBI Gene: 885Ensembl: ENSG00000187094.13HGNC: HGNC:1569UniProt: P06307
139PubMed Papers
20Diseases
0Drugs
0Pathogenic Variants
FUNCTIONAL ROLE
Hub Gene
DATA QUALITY
✓ Experimental GO Evidence✓ Swiss-Prot Reviewed
protein bindingpeptide hormone receptor bindingaxonneuron migrationAbnormality of the skeletal systemobesitymuscle crampage-related macular degeneration
✦AI Summary

CCK (cholecystokinin) is a peptide hormone and neurotransmitter with dual functions in peripheral digestion and central nervous system signaling. In the gastrointestinal system, CCK is released from intestinal I-cells in response to dietary lipids and proteins, where it inhibits food intake and gastric emptying by targeting vagal afferent neurons 1. CCK binds to two receptor subtypes: CCK-A receptors (predominantly peripheral) stimulate pancreatic enzyme release, while CCK-B receptors (predominantly central) regulate gastric acid secretion 2. Beyond digestion, CCK plays important roles in anxiety regulation, with CCK-B receptor activity associated with human anxiety onset 34. CCK modulates dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and interacts with multiple neurotransmitter systems including GABA, serotonin, and glutamate 4. Age-related changes in CCK sensitivity contribute to decreased appetite in elderly populations 5. In neurological diseases, CCK receptor binding is significantly reduced in Huntington's disease but remains normal in Alzheimer's disease 6. Despite extensive research, therapeutic applications remain limited, with ongoing investigations into CCK receptor ligands for various gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric conditions 7.

Sources cited
1
CCK controls nutrient delivery by inhibiting food intake and gastric emptying, released from intestinal I-cells in response to dietary lipids and proteins
PMID: 22157397
2
Two CCK receptor subtypes exist: CCK-A (predominantly peripheral) and CCK-B (predominantly central) with distinct pharmacological profiles
PMID: 9792209
3
CCK plays a role in anxiety and panic attacks based on animal and human studies
PMID: 8372405
4
CCK modulates dopamine release in nucleus accumbens and interacts with GABA, serotonin, and glutamate neurotransmission
PMID: 33794246
5
Aging increases CCK sensitivity, contributing to reduced food intake in elderly populations
PMID: 12014845
6
CCK receptor binding is reduced in Huntington's disease but normal in Alzheimer's disease
PMID: 6292647
7
Despite extensive research, therapeutic development of CCK receptor ligands has been slow with limited approved indications
PMID: 17997137
Disease Associationsⓘ20
Abnormality of the skeletal systemOpen Targets
0.46Moderate
obesityOpen Targets
0.33Weak
muscle crampOpen Targets
0.30Weak
age-related macular degenerationOpen Targets
0.24Weak
AnxietyOpen Targets
0.08Suggestive
Alzheimer diseaseOpen Targets
0.08Suggestive
acanthosis nigricansOpen Targets
0.08Suggestive
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisOpen Targets
0.08Suggestive
acute pancreatitisOpen Targets
0.07Suggestive
malnutritionOpen Targets
0.06Suggestive
neoplasmOpen Targets
0.05Suggestive
depressive disorderOpen Targets
0.05Suggestive
breast cancerOpen Targets
0.05Suggestive
AnorexiaOpen Targets
0.05Suggestive
central nervous system cancerOpen Targets
0.04Suggestive
Prader-Willi syndromeOpen Targets
0.04Suggestive
pancreatitisOpen Targets
0.04Suggestive
HyperglycemiaOpen Targets
0.04Suggestive
Peri-ImplantitisOpen Targets
0.04Suggestive
sarcopeniaOpen Targets
0.04Suggestive
Pathogenic Variants
No pathogenic variants reported on ClinVar for this gene.
View on ClinVar ↗
Related Genes
VIPProtein interaction99%GCGProtein interaction98%CTNNB1Protein interaction97%BCL2Protein interaction96%GASTProtein interaction95%PTK7Protein interaction95%
Tissue Expression6 tissues
Brain
100%
Lung
1%
Liver
0%
Bone Marrow
0%
Ovary
0%
Heart
0%
Gene Interaction Network
Click a node to explore
CCKVIPGCGCTNNB1BCL2GASTPTK7
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Preparing viewer…
PDB7MBX · 1.95 Å · EM
View on RCSB ↗
Constraintⓘ
LOEUFⓘ
1.65LoF Tolerant
pLIⓘ
0.00Tolerant
Observed/Expected LoF1.03 [0.66–1.65]
RankingsWhere CCK stands among ~20K protein-coding genes
  • #3,302of 20,598
    Most Researched139 · top quartile
  • #15,885of 17,882
    Most Constrained (LOEUF)1.65
Genes detectedCCK
Sources retrieved10 papers
Response time—
📄 Sources
10▼
1
Cholecystokinin.
PMID: 22157397
Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes · 2012
1.00
2
Progress in developing cholecystokinin (CCK)/gastrin receptor ligands that have therapeutic potential.
PMID: 17997137
Curr Opin Pharmacol · 2007
0.90
3
CCK receptor antagonists.
PMID: 9792209
Gen Pharmacol · 1998
0.80
4
CCK in animal and human research on anxiety.
PMID: 8372405
Trends Pharmacol Sci · 1993
0.70
5
The anorexia of ageing.
PMID: 12014845
Biogerontology · 2002
0.60