EXOSC10 is the catalytic 3'-5' exoribonuclease subunit of the RNA exosome complex, essential for diverse cellular RNA processing and degradation functions 1. In the nucleus, EXOSC10 mediates maturation of stable RNAs (rRNA, snRNA, snoRNA), eliminates non-coding transcripts and defective mRNAs, and participates in the small subunit processome for ribosome biogenesis 2. Cytoplasmic EXOSC10 forms an exosome-ribosome supercomplex that couples translation with mRNA decay, threading RNA substrates from ribosomes through the exonuclease active site for quality control 3. EXOSC10 also regulates DNA damage responses by preventing DNA-RNA hybrid formation at double-strand breaks and facilitating homologous recombination repair 1. Post-translational SUMOylation by USP36 promotes nucleolar EXOSC10 function in rRNA processing, while hypoxia-induced deSUMOylation triggers nucleoplasmic translocation and transcriptome remodeling 42. Developmentally, EXOSC10 is essential for early embryogenesis (arresting mutants at the morula stage) and oogenesis 56. Clinically, elevated EXOSC10 expression is an independent prognostic factor for poor hepatocellular carcinoma outcomes, promoting tumor growth and cancer stemness through E2F1-driven transcription and p53-pathway dysregulation 78.