FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor 2) is a pleiotropic growth factor that functions primarily as a ligand for FGFRs (FGFR1-4) 1 and also binds integrin ITGAV:ITGB3 to facilitate signaling 2. It regulates cell survival, division, differentiation, and migration 2, acts as a potent mitogen in vitro 3, and induces angiogenesis 4. FGF2 mediates ERK1/2 phosphorylation to promote retinal lens fiber differentiation 5. Clinically, FGF2 shows context-dependent pathological roles. In asthma, FGF2 is significantly overexpressed in bronchial epithelium and alveolar areas, correlating with IgE levels 6. Intranasal FGF2 aggravates airway inflammation through the FGFR/MAPK/NF-κB pathway in epithelial cells 6, with elevated expression associated with airway wall thickness and disease severity 7. In preeclampsia, miR-195-5p suppression leads to FGF2 upregulation, promoting trophoblast proliferation and invasion 8. Conversely, in spermatogenesis, reduced SPARC expression correlates with elevated FGF2 in Sertoli cells from Sertoli cell-only syndrome patients 9. In neural tissue, FGF2 enhances excitatory neuron activity and calcium signaling, with altered expression implicated in major depressive disorder 10. During BMSC aging, NEAT1 suppresses FGF2 nuclear transport, impairing stem cell proliferation 11.