GBP5 (guanylate binding protein 5) is an interferon-inducible GTPase that plays a critical role in inflammatory responses and innate immunity. The protein functions as a key regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, promoting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 12. GBP5 operates through multiple mechanisms including protein binding and homodimerization activity, with subcellular localization to cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, and perinuclear regions 1. In disease contexts, GBP5 demonstrates significant pathological relevance across multiple inflammatory conditions. It promotes osteoarthritis progression by activating chondrocyte pyroptosis through the NLRP3 pathway, with IRF1 serving as an upstream transcriptional regulator that binds to the GBP5 promoter 1. The protein also contributes to inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis by enhancing STAT1 nuclear translocation and downstream cytokine expression, leading to increased innate lymphoid cell expansion 3. Additionally, GBP5 is implicated in infectious mononucleosis-associated liver injury through NLRP3-dependent mechanisms 2. Clinically, GBP5 expression serves as a potential diagnostic biomarker for tuberculosis infection and inflammatory bowel diseases 45. These findings position GBP5 as both a therapeutic target and diagnostic marker across multiple inflammatory pathologies.