INTS10 is a core component of the integrator complex, a multiprotein machinery that terminates RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription in promoter-proximal regions 1. Within the integrator complex, INTS10 forms functional modules with other subunits: it associates with INTS13, INTS14, and INTS15 to create a 'scorpion-tail-shaped' module that facilitates transcription termination by opening the DSIF DNA clamp 1. INTS10 also participates in the INTS10-INTS13-INTS14 nucleic acid-binding module, which shows preferential affinity for RNA hairpins and plays accessory roles in small nuclear RNA (snRNA) processing while having stronger influence on transcription termination after pausing 2. Beyond transcription regulation, INTS10 demonstrates antiviral properties, suppressing hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication via IRF3 signaling in liver cells, with decreased INTS10 levels correlating with higher HBV loads in persistently infected patients 3. Genetic polymorphisms in INTS10 affect HBV clearance and progression to hepatocellular carcinoma 4. Recent evidence reveals INTS10's role in early neural development, where it functions as part of an enhancer module that stabilizes SOX2 binding at neural enhancers during cell fate specification, with its depletion causing cells to shift from neural to mesenchymal identity 5.