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GeneE
26 sources retrieved Β· Most recent: April 2026 Β· Index updated 15 days ago
β“˜GeneE is for informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
MACF1
microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1
Chromosome 1 Β· 1p34.3
NCBI Gene: 23499Ensembl: ENSG00000127603.32HGNC: HGNC:13664UniProt: H3BPE1
184PubMed Papers
21Diseases
0Drugs
21Pathogenic Variants
FUNCTIONAL ROLE
Highly Constrained
RESEARCH IMPACT
Trending
CLINICAL
OMIM Disease Gene
DATA QUALITY
βœ“ Experimental GO Evidenceβœ“ Swiss-Prot Reviewed
Golgi to plasma membrane protein transportprotein bindingpositive regulation of axon extensionmicrotubulelissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformationLissencephalyIntellectual disabilitylissencephaly spectrum disorders
✦AI Summary

MACF1 (microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1) is a versatile spectraplakin that serves as a critical cytoskeletal organizer, crosslinking F-actin filaments to microtubules and other cytoskeletal proteins 1. In the nervous system, MACF1 is essential for neurite outgrowth, neuronal migration, and axon guidance during brain development 2. The protein contains multiple functional domains including a GAR domain that binds microtubules and EF-hand domains; heterozygous missense variants affecting zinc-binding residues in these domains cause a distinctive lissencephaly with complex brainstem malformation characterized by absent pontine crossing fibers 34. MACF1 regulates focal adhesion dynamics and cell migration through interaction with CAMSAP3 at microtubule minus-ends 5. Beyond neurodevelopment, MACF1 participates in Wnt/Ξ²-catenin signaling and has been implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis, where it promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition through Ξ²-catenin pathway activation 6. Loss-of-function studies reveal MACF1's importance in skin integrity, bone formation, and colonic permeability 5. Dysregulation or mutation of MACF1 associates with schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, myopathy, and congenital myasthenic syndrome 27. Bi-allelic MACF1 variants suggest a complex neurodevelopmental syndrome affecting central and peripheral nervous systems 4.

Sources cited
1
MACF1 is a spectraplakin that crosslinks F-actin and microtubules and has multiple isoforms with tissue-specific functions
PMID: 26521939
2
MACF1 is essential for neurite outgrowth, neuronal migration, and participates in Wnt/Ξ²-catenin signaling; dysregulation associates with schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease
PMID: 28579452
3
Heterozygous de novo missense variants in MACF1 GAR domain zinc-binding residues cause lissencephaly with complex brainstem malformation including absent pontine crossing fibers
PMID: 30471716
4
MACF1 knockout studies reveal critical roles in embryo development, skin integrity, neural development, bone formation, and colonic permeability; mutations cause myopathy
PMID: 28577926
5
MACF1 mediates hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and matrix metalloproteinases via Ξ²-catenin signaling
PMID: 37993901
6
MACF1 variants have been identified as novel genes causing neuromuscular junction defects in congenital myasthenic syndrome
PMID: 37721175
7
De novo heterozygous missense variants in MACF1 EF-hand domains cause distinctive brain malformation through gain-of-function mechanism increasing microtubule binding; bi-allelic variants cause complex neurodevelopmental syndrome; region-specific isoform expression explains phenotypic variations
PMID: 40925378
Disease Associationsβ“˜21
lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformationOpen Targets
0.79Strong
LissencephalyOpen Targets
0.57Moderate
Intellectual disabilityOpen Targets
0.49Moderate
Brainstem dysplasiaOpen Targets
0.46Moderate
lissencephaly spectrum disordersOpen Targets
0.46Moderate
SeizureOpen Targets
0.46Moderate
diabetes mellitusOpen Targets
0.44Moderate
type 2 diabetes mellitusOpen Targets
0.44Moderate
Abnormality of the skeletal systemOpen Targets
0.43Moderate
type 1 diabetes mellitusOpen Targets
0.36Weak
obesityOpen Targets
0.35Weak
Short statureOpen Targets
0.35Weak
PainOpen Targets
0.31Weak
type 2 diabetes nephropathyOpen Targets
0.31Weak
sleep apneaOpen Targets
0.31Weak
thyroiditisOpen Targets
0.31Weak
metabolic syndromeOpen Targets
0.30Weak
placenta praeviaOpen Targets
0.29Weak
obstructive sleep apneaOpen Targets
0.29Weak
Alzheimer diseaseOpen Targets
0.28Weak
Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformationUniProt
Pathogenic Variants21
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.21752G>C (p.Arg7251Pro)Likely pathogenic
Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation
β˜…β˜…β˜†β˜†2024β†’ Residue 7251
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.16149+1G>TLikely pathogenic
Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2025
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.8892del (p.Gln2964fs)Pathogenic
Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2025β†’ Residue 2964
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.20288T>G (p.Phe6763Cys)Likely pathogenic
Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2024β†’ Residue 6763
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.21443T>C (p.Met7148Thr)Likely pathogenic
not provided
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2024β†’ Residue 7148
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.16804-2A>GLikely pathogenic
Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2024
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.21679-2A>GLikely pathogenic
Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2024
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.21820G>A (p.Val7274Met)Likely pathogenic
Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2022β†’ Residue 7274
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.7129dup (p.Arg2377fs)Likely pathogenic
Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2022β†’ Residue 2377
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.21803G>A (p.Arg7268His)Likely pathogenic
Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2022β†’ Residue 7268
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.21707G>T (p.Cys7236Phe)Pathogenic
Lissencephaly with decussation defect|lissencephaly with brainstem hypoplasia|Lissencephaly|Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2022β†’ Residue 7236
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.12265C>T (p.Gln4089Ter)Pathogenic
Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2022β†’ Residue 4089
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.1957C>T (p.Leu653Phe)Likely pathogenic
Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2022β†’ Residue 653
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.21878A>T (p.Asp7293Val)Pathogenic
not provided
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2020β†’ Residue 7293
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.21717G>T (p.Arg7239Ser)Likely pathogenic
Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†β†’ Residue 7239
NM_012090.5(MACF1):c.10617+444_15577-288delPathogenic
Lissencephaly with decussation defect|Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation|lissencephaly with brainstem hypoplasia
β˜†β˜†β˜†β˜†2019
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.20293G>C (p.Gly6765Arg)Pathogenic
Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation|Lissencephaly
β˜†β˜†β˜†β˜†2019β†’ Residue 6765
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.21877G>T (p.Asp7293Tyr)Pathogenic
Lissencephaly with decussation defect|Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation|lissencephaly with brainstem hypoplasia
β˜†β˜†β˜†β˜†2019β†’ Residue 7293
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.21883T>G (p.Cys7295Gly)Pathogenic
Lissencephaly with decussation defect|Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation|lissencephaly with brainstem hypoplasia
β˜†β˜†β˜†β˜†2019β†’ Residue 7295
NM_001394062.1(MACF1):c.21884G>T (p.Cys7295Phe)Pathogenic
Lissencephaly with decussation defect|Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation|lissencephaly with brainstem hypoplasia
β˜†β˜†β˜†β˜†2019β†’ Residue 7295
View on ClinVar β†—
Related Genes
MAPRE1Protein interaction90%CAMSAP3Protein interaction90%SYNE3Protein interaction88%ELMO1Protein interaction78%CLIP1Protein interaction78%RAPSNProtein interaction76%
Tissue Expression6 tissues
Lung
100%
Heart
54%
Ovary
54%
Bone Marrow
52%
Brain
48%
Liver
28%
Gene Interaction Network
Click a node to explore
MACF1MAPRE1CAMSAP3SYNE3ELMO1CLIP1RAPSN
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Preparing viewer…
PDB5X57 Β· 1.45 Γ… Β· X-ray
View on RCSB β†—
Constraintβ“˜
LOEUFβ“˜
0.24Highly Constrained
pLIβ“˜
1.00Intolerant
Observed/Expected LoF0.21 [0.18–0.24]
RankingsWhere MACF1 stands among ~20K protein-coding genes
  • #2,351of 20,598
    Most Researched184 Β· top quartile
  • #2,130of 5,498
    Most Pathogenic Variants21
  • #688of 17,882
    Most Constrained (LOEUF)0.24 Β· top 5%
Genes detectedMACF1
Sources retrieved26 papers
Response timeβ€”
πŸ“„ Sources
26β–Ό
1
MACF1, versatility in tissue-specific function and in human disease.
PMID: 28577926
Semin Cell Dev Biol Β· 2017
1.00
2
Clinical and genetic characterisation of a large Indian congenital myasthenic syndrome cohort.
PMID: 37721175
Brain Β· 2024
0.90
3
PMID: 36672824
Genes (Basel) Β· 2022
0.80
4
The role of MACF1 in nervous system development and maintenance.
PMID: 28579452
Semin Cell Dev Biol Β· 2017
0.70
5
A Multifaceted Giant Protein Microtubule-Actin Cross-Linking Factor 1.
PMID: 40244019
Int J Mol Sci Β· 2025
0.68