Nucleolin (NCL) is a multifunctional nucleolar protein that serves critical roles in ribosome biogenesis and cellular regulation 1. The protein exhibits diverse subcellular localizations including nucleolus, nucleoplasm, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, enabling its multifunctional properties through three main structural domains that interact with various proteins and RNA sequences 1. NCL participates in multiple cellular processes including ribosome biogenesis, chr2 organization and stability, DNA and RNA metabolism, cytokinesis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis regulation, stress response, and microRNA processing 1. In pathological contexts, NCL has significant relevance in cancer biology, where the MDK-NCL signaling pathway contributes to tumor progression by shaping an immunosuppressive microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma 2. High MDK-NCL expression correlates with increased tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, reduced immune cell infiltration, and elevated immune checkpoint gene expression, suggesting potential resistance to immunotherapy and poorer survival outcomes 2. NCL's involvement in tumorigenesis and viral infection makes it an attractive therapeutic target for anti-tumor and anti-viral strategies 1.