NETO1 (neuropilin and tolloid-like 1) is a dual-function auxiliary subunit that modulates both N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and kainate receptors (KARs) at excitatory synapses. As an NMDAR accessory protein, NETO1 is critical for maintaining GRIN2A-containing NMDARs in the postsynaptic density and regulates NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity and spatial learning/memory 1. NETO1 functions through its CUB domains to interact with receptors and modulate their trafficking and localization 1. At KAR synapses, NETO1 regulates channel kinetics by slowing desensitization onset and accelerating recovery from desensitization in a subunit-dependent manner, with effects varying between GluK1 and GluK2 homomeric and heteromeric receptors 234. NETO1 is essential for synaptic KAR localization; Neto1-null mice show ~50% reduction in GluK2-KARs at postsynaptic densities and selective deficits in mossy fiber-CA3 kainate receptor-mediated transmission 1. Beyond neurotransmission, rare variants in NETO1 have been identified as candidate genetic risk factors in familial pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting broader physiological roles 5. This dual regulation of distinct glutamate receptor classes positions NETO1 as a critical determinant of excitatory synaptic strength and plasticity.