RPS23 encodes ribosomal protein S23, a critical component of the small ribosomal subunit (40S) that plays essential roles in protein synthesis and translational fidelity 1. The protein undergoes post-translational modification through prolyl hydroxylation at proline 62 by the enzyme OGFOD1, which forms a stable complex with RPS23 and regulates translational control 1. This hydroxylation is crucial for maintaining translation accuracy and preventing misfolded protein accumulation, thereby preserving cellular proteostasis 2. RPS23 participates in stress granule formation, and its dysregulation leads to translational arrest and growth impairment 1. The protein is implicated in various disease contexts, including involvement in disc degeneration where it affects protein synthesis processes 3, and in Alzheimer's disease where it connects to neurofibrillary tangle formation 4. In coronary heart disease, RPS23 is regulated by miR-338-3p, affecting endothelial cell proliferation and migration 5. Additionally, RPS23 methylation levels serve as a potential druggable target in breast cancer prevention 6. The gene's dysfunction is associated with brachycephaly, trichomegaly, and developmental delay, highlighting its importance in normal development and cellular function.