CNOT10 is a component of the CCR4-NOT complex, one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases 1. As part of the N-terminal CNOT1-CNOT10-CNOT11 module, CNOT10 functions as a structural platform for protein-protein interactions, with the CNOT11 antenna domain serving as a conserved binding site for regulatory factors like GGNBP2 1. The CNOT10/CNOT11 module is hierarchically assembled and conserved across eukaryotes except fungi 23. CNOT10 is essential for complex integrity and mRNA decay; its depletion destabilizes the NOT complex and prevents CAF1 deadenylase recruitment to target mRNAs 4. Beyond mRNA degradation, CNOT10 participates in miRNA-mediated repression and translational regulation 5. Recent evidence reveals CNOT10's involvement in innate immunity: CNOT10 regulates MDA5 sensing of unedited double-stranded RNA through interaction with GGNBP2, modulating type I interferon signaling and autoinflammatory responses 6. In stem cell differentiation, CNOT10 depletion affects expression of neuronal and pluripotency-related genes 5. While CNOT10 variants have been identified in regions of homozygosity in Müllerian aplasia patients 7, direct pathogenic roles require further investigation. CNOT10's multifaceted functions make it a central regulator of post-transcriptional gene expression.