CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that functions as a key regulator of immune cell recruitment and activation. Mechanistically, CXCL10 binds to the CXCR3 receptor, activating G protein-coupled signaling pathways that increase intracellular calcium and promote actin reorganization, leading to T cell and NK cell chemotaxis 1. The chemokine is strongly induced by interferon-gamma during Th1-type immune responses 2. CXCL10 exhibits dual functionality with disease-relevant consequences. During viral infections, it recruits activated immune cells to infected sites and mediates antiviral responses 3, though cigarette smoke can suppress this antiviral induction 3. Aberrant CXCL10 expression correlates with pathology in multiple autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Sjögren syndrome, where it drives both leukocyte infiltration and tissue damage 4. In the CNS, CXCL10 activates microglia following brain injury to facilitate neuronal reorganization 2. Clinically, CXCL10 is recognized as a biomarker predicting disease severity 5. Therapeutically, CXCL10-armed oncolytic adenoviruses enhance anti-PD-1 immunotherapy by promoting T cell tumor infiltration 6, while CXCL10-CXCR3 axis inhibition combined with FGFR4 targeting suppresses cancer-associated fibroblast activation 7. Post-translational modification at the C-terminus modulates GAG binding and signaling while preserving angiostatic effects 1.