MPHOSPH6 (M-phase phosphoprotein 6) is an RNA-binding protein that functions as a component of the RNA exosome complex, participating in 3'-end processing of pre-rRNA and maturation of 5.8S rRNA [UniProt annotation]. Beyond its canonical ribosomal RNA processing role, MPHOSPH6 has emerged as a significant player in multiple disease contexts. In lung cancer, MPHOSPH6 was identified as a novel susceptibility locus showing genetic correlation with telomere length biology and increased lung adenocarcinoma risk 1. The protein appears relevant in psoriasis pathogenesis, where it was identified as a top ribosome biogenesis-related biomarker with high fold-change and validated therapeutic potential 2. MPHOSPH6 genetic polymorphisms (rs1056629 and rs1056654) were associated with favorable prognosis in glioma patients 3, while genome-wide association studies consistently support MPHOSPH6 as a telomere length regulator affecting disease susceptibility 45. Additionally, MPHOSPH6 was identified as a target of miR-146b-5p modulation in hepatocytes, linking it to inflammatory signaling networks 6. These findings suggest MPHOSPH6 functions beyond ribosomal RNA processing, participating in immune regulation, cellular proliferation control, and telomere homeostasis with implications for cancer and inflammatory disease pathogenesis.