NABP2 (nucleic acid binding protein 2), also known as SSB1, is a single-stranded DNA binding protein that serves as a key component of the SOSS (sensor of single-stranded DNA) complex. Its primary function involves DNA damage surveillance and genome maintenance through multiple interconnected pathways. NABP2 binds preferentially to single-stranded DNA, particularly polypyrimidines, and is essential for homologous recombination-dependent repair of double-strand breaks and ATM-dependent signaling 1. The protein plays a critical role in replication fork stability; NABP2-depleted cells fail to properly repair stalled replication forks and accumulate chromosome 12 1. Beyond classical DNA repair, NABP2 partners with the Integrator-PP2A complex to regulate transcription termination and suppress R-loop accumulation at promoters, a genome surveillance function enhanced by its intrinsically disordered region 2. Cancer-associated mutations in NABP2's disordered domain lead to pervasive R-loop accumulation and genomic instability 2. In prostate cancer, NABP2 modulates androgen receptor transcriptional responses and correlates with genomic instability markers 3. Recent evidence links NABP2 overexpression in hepatocellular carcinoma to poor prognosis through LKB1-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic reprogramming 4. A genome-wide association study identified NABP2 as a novel height-associated gene 5.