Neuromedin U (NMU) is a neuropeptide that functions as a signaling molecule integrating neuronal and immune regulation at mucosal barrier surfaces. Rather than directly binding NMUR1 or NMUR2 receptors as a classical ligand, NMU operates through NMUR1-expressing group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) to promote type 2 immune responses 1. NMU stimulates ILC2-derived amphiregulin (AREG) production and induces IL-5 production through calcium-NFAT and MAPK signaling pathways 23. NMU expression increases in inflamed intestinal tissues and operates as an evolutionarily conserved mechanism linking neuroimmune regulation to tissue protection during parasite infection and inflammation 14. In airway diseases, NMU promotes type 2 cytokine production and contributes to ILC2-mediated airway inflammation characteristic of allergic diseases and asthma 3. Recent evidence suggests NMU may have broader pathophysiological relevance: machine learning analysis identified NMU as a potential prognostic biomarker for COPD-associated lung cancer, with high expression correlating with poor survival outcomes and immune cell infiltration 5. NMU was also identified as an upregulated hub-gene in colorectal cancer progression networks 6. The existence of NMU-related peptides (NURP, NSRP) activating unknown receptors suggests additional undiscovered signaling mechanisms 7.