RPL36 is a component of the large ribosomal 60S subunit that participates in protein synthesis 1. Beyond its classical ribosomal function, RPL36 has emerged as a multifunctional regulator with disease relevance. In glioma, RPL36 promotes cell proliferation and G1/S cell cycle progression; its expression is suppressed by lncRNA PLAC2 through STAT1-mediated mechanisms, providing a potential therapeutic target 2. Notably, the RPL36 transcript encodes an alternative protein (alt-RPL36) that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and negatively regulates PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling by interacting with TMEM24, thereby controlling cell size 3. In venous malformations, RPL36 functions as an RNA-binding protein that selectively loads microRNA-4432 into extracellular vesicles, mediating pathogenic crosstalk between endothelial and perivascular cells 4. Clinically, RPL36 expression is an independent prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma, correlating with early-stage disease and improved survival 5. RPL36 has also been identified as a hub gene in heart failure pathogenesis through m5C RNA modification regulation 6. Pathogenic RPL36 variants are associated with ribosomopathy-related immunodeficiency, highlighting its importance in normal hematopoiesis 7.