TLR10 is a plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptor that bridges innate and adaptive immunity 1. Unlike other TLRs, TLR10 is uniquely capable of eliciting anti-inflammatory effects alongside pro-inflammatory responses 1. TLR10 signals through MyD88 and TRAF6 to activate NF-κB and downstream inflammatory pathways 2, but can inhibit pro-inflammatory responses by competing with stimulatory TLRs, dimerizing with TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6, and inducing PI3K/Akt-dependent IL-1Ra production 1. TLR10 expression is restricted to B cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and specific DC subsets 2. Upon bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulation, TLR10 undergoes ROS-dependent and NF-κB-regulated endocytosis in neutrophils and localizes to the leading edge during chemotaxis 3. In Helicobacter pylori infection, TLR10 signaling attenuates IL-1β and other inflammatory cytokine release from dendritic cells 4. TLR10 remains an orphan receptor with incompletely characterized ligands, and gene polymorphisms modulate susceptibility to infection and autoimmune diseases 56. This bidirectional immunoregulatory capacity positions TLR10 as a potential therapeutic target for inflammation-related diseases.