MGARP (mitochondria-localized glutamic acid-rich protein) is a mitochondrial transmembrane protein primarily involved in regulating mitochondrial structure and function. Located in the inner faces of mitochondrial membranes 1, MGARP maintains mitochondrial morphology and organization; its overexpression causes mitochondrial remodeling and cristae deformation 1. The protein exhibits extensive intrinsic disorder and is highly expressed in mitochondria-rich retinal layers 2, suggesting roles in retinal energetic metabolism and ion channel assembly. MGARP expression is transcriptionally regulated by Sp1 in a synergistic mechanism potentiated by estrogen receptor α 3. The protein functions in steroidogenesis, with upregulation during early human adrenal and testicular development 4. In disease contexts, MGARP exhibits antiangiogenic properties in diabetic retinopathy by suppressing retinal endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation 5. Additionally, MGARP protects against cisplatin-induced ovotoxicity by stabilizing peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2) and reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species 6. MGARP is also identified as a biomarker for non-obstructive azoospermia 7 and trabecular meshwork cells 8, indicating broader roles in reproductive and ocular tissues.