MRPS10 (mitochondrial ribosomal protein S10) is a mitochondrial ribosomal subunit component essential for mitochondrial protein translation 1. As a member of the mitochondrial ribosomal protein family, MRPS10 plays a central role in regulating cellular energetics and mitochondrial function 1. The protein localizes to the mitochondrial matrix and inner membrane, contributing to the structural and catalytic functions of the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit. MRPS10 expression is dysregulated across multiple disease contexts. In thyroid cancer, MRPS10 expression is significantly downregulated and associated with favorable prognosis and improved immunotherapy response 2. Conversely, MRPS10 is upregulated in diabetic retinopathy, where high expression correlates with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress 3. MRPS10 is also overexpressed in intervertebral disc degeneration as a target of hsa-miR-508-5p 4 and serves as a biomarker in rheumatoid arthritis linked to energy metabolism and reactive oxygen species regulation 5. In ischemic stroke comorbid with end-stage renal disease, MRPS10 downregulation contributes to mitochondrial-immune dysfunction 1. Additionally, MRPS10 functions as an obesity-specific biomarker in abdominal fat deposition 6 and as part of a prognostic signature in pancreatic cancer associated with poor survival 7. These findings establish MRPS10 as a multifunctional biomarker with disease-specific expression patterns relevant to metabolic and inflammatory pathologies.