P2RX1 is an ATP-gated nonselective cation channel permeable to potassium, sodium, and calcium 123, with CTP functioning as a weak agonist 4. Beyond canonical roles in urogenital and cardiovascular function, P2RX1 has emerged as a critical immune regulator with disease-relevant functions. In neutrophils, P2RX1 mediates JAK/STAT signaling to suppress gastric cancer cell migration, invasion, and viability while promoting apoptosis 5. P2RX1 deficiency in neutrophils promotes immunosuppression in non-small cell lung cancer by upregulating PD-L1 through fatty acid metabolism 6, and P2RX1-involved glycolytic metabolism supports neutrophil activation in acute pancreatitis 7. In leukemia, low P2RX1 expression correlates with poor prognosis; P2RX1 overexpression enhances intracellular ATP and calcium levels, promoting apoptosis and treatment response 8. In breast cancer, higher P2RX1 expression predicts better prognosis and correlates with immune cell infiltration 9. Conversely, P2RX1 deletion alleviates acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure by inhibiting STING-TBK1-P65 signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction 10. P2RX1 is upregulated in endometriosis tissues and associates with pain-related gene expression 11. These findings position P2RX1 as a context-dependent therapeutic target across cancer immunology, inflammatory diseases, and drug-induced injury.