RPL27 encodes a component of the large ribosomal subunit essential for protein synthesis and ribosomal RNA processing 1. As a structural constituent of the 60S ribosomal subunit, RPL27 is required for proper rRNA processing and maturation of 28S and 5.8S rRNAs 1. Beyond its canonical ribosomal function, RPL27 demonstrates extra-ribosomal roles in cellular regulation and disease pathogenesis. Loss-of-function mutations in RPL27 cause Diamond-Blackfan anemia 16, a congenital bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by red blood cell aplasia 12. In vitro studies show that RPL27 knockdown disturbs pre-ribosomal RNA processing and impairs erythrocyte production in zebrafish models 1. RPL27 also functions as an oncogene in multiple cancers, promoting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and cancer stemness through PLK1 signaling pathways 3. In hepatocellular carcinoma, RPL27 knockdown induces apoptosis by increasing Bax and Caspase-3 expression while decreasing bcl-2 4. Additionally, RPL27 expression is significantly upregulated in Alzheimer's disease brain capillaries, suggesting involvement in neurodegenerative processes 5. The protein's diverse roles make it a potential therapeutic target for both genetic disorders and cancer treatment.