ZNF423 is a multifunctional transcription factor that functions as both transcriptional activator and repressor depending on cellular context. In BMP signaling, ZNF423 associates with SMADs to activate BMP target genes, while in olfactory neurogenesis, it represses EBF1-mediated transcription to regulate the differentiation-to-maturation transition in olfactory receptor neurons [UniProt annotation]. ZNF423 expression is epigenetically regulated by DNA methylation and nucleosome occupancy, controlling adipogenic commitment through modulation of PPARγ expression 1. The gene is under estrogen regulation in breast cancer cells, with SNPs in ZNF423 introns modulating estrogen receptor binding to distant enhancer regions in a SERM-dependent manner 2. ZNF423 regulates the AMPK signaling pathway and metformin response in SNP- and estrogen-dependent fashion, with potential implications for breast cancer treatment 3. In cholangiocarcinoma, ZNF423 is induced by oxidative stress and promotes cell proliferation and invasion 4. Functionally, ZNF423 acts as an EBF1 antagonist in B-lymphoid development 5 and promotes osteogenic differentiation while suppressing adipogenesis through chaperone-mediated autophagy 6. Genetic studies link ZNF423 variants to Crohn's disease susceptibility 7 and to disease risk in gastrointestinal disorders associated with neuroticism.