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10 sources retrieved · Most recent: April 2026 · Index updated 15 days ago
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GPBAR1
G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1
Chromosome 2 · 2q35
NCBI Gene: 151306Ensembl: ENSG00000179921.16HGNC: HGNC:19680UniProt: Q8TDU6
101PubMed Papers
20Diseases
0Drugs
0Pathogenic Variants
FUNCTIONAL ROLE
Receptor
DATA QUALITY
✓ Experimental GO Evidence✓ Swiss-Prot Reviewed
cellular response to bile acidplasma membranecytoplasmadenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled bile acid receptor signaling pathwaycholelithiasisCOVID-19gallstonescancer
✦AI Summary

GPBAR1 (G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1, also known as TGR5) is a G protein-coupled receptor that functions as a bile acid sensor on cell membranes 12. Bile acid binding triggers conformational changes that activate Gs protein-coupled signaling, leading to adenylate cyclase activation and increased cAMP production 12. GPBAR1 responds to multiple bile acids including lithocholate, deoxycholate, and cholate 2. Beyond lipid digestion, GPBAR1 mediates bile acids' roles as signaling molecules regulating energy expenditure, tissue inflammation, and glucose metabolism 34. In metabolic tissues, GPBAR1 activation promotes energy expenditure and reduces adiposity in brown adipose tissue, while regulating GLP-1 secretion in enteroendocrine cells 4. GPBAR1 dysregulation contributes to multiple diseases: underactivation during dysbiosis impairs energy expenditure and promotes lipogenesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 5, while aberrant activation on cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes cholangiocarcinoma progression through CXCL10-mediated immunosuppression 6. Additionally, GPBAR1 signaling in cardiomyocytes protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by suppressing cardiac fatty acid uptake 7. These diverse functions establish GPBAR1 as a critical metabolic integrator with significant therapeutic potential across metabolic and neoplastic diseases.

Sources cited
1
GPBAR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by bile acids that triggers signaling via G proteins and activates adenylate cyclase
PMID: 12419312
2
GPBAR1 is coupled to Gs proteins and activated by specific bile acids including lithocholate, deoxycholate, and cholate in descending order
PMID: 12524422
3
GPBAR1 (TGR5) regulates metabolism and inflammation in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
PMID: 28214524
4
GPBAR1 acts as a signaling molecule in liver, intestine, muscle and brown adipose tissue regulating lipid and glucose metabolism
PMID: 29080336
5
GPBAR1 underactivation due to bile acid dysmetabolism contributes to decreased energy expenditure and increased lipogenesis in NAFLD
PMID: 32717871
6
GPBAR1 activation on cancer-associated fibroblasts induces CXCL10 expression, promoting cholangiocarcinoma progression and immunosuppression
PMID: 40578361
7
GPBAR1 signaling in cardiomyocytes protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting cardiac fatty acid uptake
PMID: 38698281
Disease Associationsⓘ20
cholelithiasisOpen Targets
0.14Weak
COVID-19Open Targets
0.12Weak
gallstonesOpen Targets
0.12Weak
cancerOpen Targets
0.12Weak
neoplasmOpen Targets
0.11Weak
hepatocellular carcinomaOpen Targets
0.10Weak
gastric cancerOpen Targets
0.10Suggestive
breast cancerOpen Targets
0.10Suggestive
lung adenocarcinomaOpen Targets
0.09Suggestive
non-alcoholic steatohepatitisOpen Targets
0.09Suggestive
Alzheimer diseaseOpen Targets
0.09Suggestive
non-small cell lung carcinomaOpen Targets
0.09Suggestive
ankylosing spondylitisOpen Targets
0.09Suggestive
colorectal cancerOpen Targets
0.09Suggestive
acute myeloid leukemiaOpen Targets
0.09Suggestive
psychiatric disorderOpen Targets
0.08Suggestive
esophageal adenocarcinomaOpen Targets
0.08Suggestive
rheumatoid arthritisOpen Targets
0.08Suggestive
posterior cortical atrophyOpen Targets
0.08Suggestive
MODYOpen Targets
0.08Suggestive
Pathogenic Variants
No pathogenic variants reported on ClinVar for this gene.
View on ClinVar ↗
Related Genes
GNASProtein interaction99%GCGProtein interaction98%ARPC5Protein interaction92%ARPC4Protein interaction92%ARPC3Protein interaction92%ACTR2Protein interaction92%
Tissue Expression6 tissues
Bone Marrow
100%
Lung
97%
Ovary
67%
Heart
65%
Liver
52%
Brain
6%
Gene Interaction Network
Click a node to explore
GPBAR1GNASGCGARPC5ARPC4ARPC3ACTR2
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Preparing viewer…
PDB9GYO · 2.50 Å · EM
View on RCSB ↗
Constraintⓘ
LOEUFⓘ
1.57LoF Tolerant
pLIⓘ
0.00Tolerant
Observed/Expected LoF1.05 [0.72–1.57]
RankingsWhere GPBAR1 stands among ~20K protein-coding genes
  • #4,717of 20,598
    Most Researched101 · top quartile
  • #15,540of 17,882
    Most Constrained (LOEUF)1.57
Genes detectedGPBAR1
Sources retrieved10 papers
Response time—
📄 Sources
10▼
1
Bile acids activate cancer-associated fibroblasts and induce an immunosuppressive microenvironment in cholangiocarcinoma.
PMID: 40578361
Cancer Cell · 2025
1.00
2
Inhibition of fatty acid uptake by TGR5 prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy.
PMID: 38698281
Nat Metab · 2024
0.90
3
Bile Acid Physiology.
PMID: 29080336
Ann Hepatol · 2017
0.80
4
Bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5 signaling in fatty liver diseases and therapy.
PMID: 31984784
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol · 2020
0.70
5
The double-edged sword of probiotic supplementation on gut microbiota structure in
PMID: 35951774
Gut Microbes · 2022
0.60