PES1 (pescadillo ribosomal biogenesis factor 1) is a nucleolar protein that serves as a component of the PeBoW complex, essential for ribosome biogenesis and maturation of 28S and 5.8S ribosomal RNAs 1. The protein functions through interaction with nucleolar phosphoprotein B23, which facilitates its nucleolar localization and suggests its role as part of a protein complex involved in ribosome biogenesis 2. Beyond ribosomal function, PES1 plays significant roles in cancer progression, where it is frequently overexpressed and promotes cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis across multiple cancer types including hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and colorectal cancer 134. Mechanistically, PES1 promotes glycolysis by regulating glucose metabolism genes and is transcriptionally regulated by BRD4 4. In colorectal cancer, PES1 stability is maintained through inhibition of Trim23-mediated ubiquitination 5. Recent evidence indicates PES1's involvement in diabetic retinopathy through the ELF3/PES1/VEGFR2 pathway, where it regulates angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier function 6. Additionally, PES1 has emerged as a potential biomarker in metabolic diseases, with elevated expression observed in type 2 diabetes and obesity 7.